All Aircraft Equipment and Operations

Equipment and procedures that let aircraft operate safely on the ground and in the air, such as rubber boots that crack off ice on wing edges and the transfer of fuel from one aircraft to another in flight. These are parts and practices of aircraft operation other than propulsion or aerodynamics. Many were developed for military aviation and later adopted by airlines, and each solves a practical problem of weather, range or safety. Engines, wings and instruments sit in their own groups.