All Civil Engineering

Inventions whose working principle is the design and construction of fixed works: bridges, dams, canals, tunnels, foundations, water supply and drainage, roads and large buildings. Belongs here: the truss, suspension and cable-stayed bridges, the arch dam and the levee, the aqueduct and the qanat, reinforced concrete and the tunnelling shield, and the surveying instruments used to lay such works out. Does not belong here: machines that move on or between such works, which sit with mechanical engineering, and electrical or industrial devices that merely stand inside a building.