Iron and Steel Making Processes

Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS, BOP, BOF, or OSM), also known as Linz-Donawitz steelmaking or the oxygen converter process, is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbon-rich molten pig iron is made into steel.

The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace.

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper.

A bloomery is a type of metallurgical furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides.

The cementation process is an obsolete technology for making steel by carburization of iron.

Puddling is the process of converting pig iron to bar (wrought) iron in a coal fired reverberatory furnace.

The tatara (鑪) is a traditional Japanese furnace used for smelting iron and steel.

Wootz steel is a crucible steel characterized by a pattern of bands and high carbon content.

Damascus steel (Arabic: فولاذ دمشقي, romanized: fūlāḏ Damašqiyy) is the high-carbon crucible steel of the blades of historical swords forged using the wootz process in the Near East, characterized by distinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing water, sometimes in a "ladder" or "rose" pattern.

This process was independently discovered by many ironworking societies.

Malleable iron is cast as white iron, the structure being a metastable carbide in a pearlitic matrix.

Argonoxygen decarburization (AOD) is a process primarily used in stainless steel making and other high grade alloys with oxidizable elements such as chromium and aluminium.

Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap.

Because it is time consuming and expensive, a majority of commercial alloys do not employ the process.

Edwin Fitch Northrup built the first prototype of a vacuum induction furnace in the United States of America in 1920.

An open-hearth furnace is any of several kinds of industrial furnace in which excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron

Crucible steel is steel made by melting pig iron, cast iron, iron, and sometimes steel, often along with sand, glass, ashes, and other fluxes, in a crucible.

Direct reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) into iron by a reducing gas which contains carbon (produced from natural gas or coal) or hydrogen.