All Civil Engineering

Engineers whose defining technological contribution is infrastructure built at civil scale: bridges, tunnels, dams, aqueducts and irrigation and water-supply systems. Belongs here: John Smeaton as the profession's own founder, bridge builders such as Othmar Ammann, Joseph Strauss and Emily Warren Roebling, and the ancient and medieval hydraulic engineers, Sextus Julius Frontinus, Li Bing, Sunshu Ao and al-Karaji, whose dams, aqueducts and qanats predate the profession's formal name by centuries. Does not belong here: factory-floor manufacturing or process engineering, grouped under Industrial or Chemical Engineering, even where a civil engineer's career later crosses into it.