Steel

Annealing softens steel and relieves internal stress by controlled heating and cooling.

Basic oxygen steelmaking is the dominant modern process for converting molten pig iron into steel.

Bhilai Steel Plant is an integrated steel plant

Cast iron and steel are the two main iron-carbon alloys, differing in carbon content

Cast iron and steel are the two main iron-carbon alloys, differing in carbon content

The cementation process makes steel by carburizing iron

Steel reinforcing bar embedded in concrete gives reinforced concrete tensile strength that plain concrete lacks.

Most steel is now cast into slabs, blooms and billets by continuous casting.

Khan bundled-tube steel system, developed for the Willis Tower, is the structural basis of most steel supertall buildings built since.

Gary Works in Indiana is a large integrated steel mill.

Homestead Steel Works produced steel

Invar is an iron-nickel alloy

Magnitogorsk is one of the largest iron and steel works in the world.

Reactor pressure vessels and containment structures are built from specialized steel alloys.

The open-hearth process was the principal steelmaking method of the late nineteenth and much of the twentieth century.

Quenching steel by rapid cooling from high temperature produces a hard martensitic structure.

Steel reinforcing bars carry the tensile loads that plain concrete cannot, which is what makes reinforced concrete work.

Steel is shaped into plate, beam, rail and sheet mainly by rolling.

Stainless steel is a chromium-bearing steel

Steel frame construction uses structural steel members as the load-bearing skeleton of a building.

Quenched steel is tempered to trade some hardness for toughness.

Wire rope is made by twisting steel wire strands into a helix.